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| ミランコヴィッチメニューへ戻る 核の冬 Nuclear Winter English Wikipedia 核の冬1 核の冬2 核の冬3 参考文献 Notes 脚注 "This relation arises from the fact that the destructive power of a bomb does not vary linearly with the yield. The volume the weapon's energy spreads into varies as the cube of the distance, but the destroyed area varies at the square of the distance" References 参考文献 Budyko, M. I.; Golitsyn, G. S.; Izrael, Y. A. (September 1988). Global Climatic Catastrophes. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-18647-4. Crutzen, Paul J.; Birks, John W. (1982). "The Atmosphere After a Nuclear War: Twilight at Noon". Ambio. 11 (2–3): 114. Golitsyn, G.S. and Phillips, N.A. WCRP, Possible climatic consequences of a major nuclear war, WCP-113, WMO/TD #99, 1986. Turco, R.P.; Toon, O.B.; Ackerman, T.P.; Pollack, J.B.; Sagan, C. (December 23, 1983). "Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of Multiple Nuclear Explosions". Science. 222 (4630): 1283–92. Bibcode:1983Sci...222.1283T. doi:10.1126/science.222.4630.1283. PMID 17773320. 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These five fires potentially placed 5% as much smoke into the stratosphere as our hypothetical nuclear fires. The optical depth resulting from placing 5 Tg of soot into the global stratosphere is about 0.07, which would be easily observable even with techniques available in WWII." Robock, A.; Oman, L.; Stenchikov, G. L. (2007). "Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (D13): n/a. Bibcode:2007JGRD..11213107R. doi:10.1029/2006JD008235. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2007-12-05. "Climatic Consequences of Nuclear Conflict". climate.envsci.rutgers.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2007-12-05. London 1906, San Francisco Fire and others . 24 August 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140824082109/ http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/pyrocb.html. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. 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One hundred and twenty-five B-29s carrying 1,200 tons of bombs (Page 25 ) would have been required to approximate the damage and casualties at Nagasaki. This estimate pre-supposed bombing under conditions similar to those existing when the atomic bombs were dropped and bombing accuracy equal to the average attained by the Twentieth Air Force during the last 3 months of the war Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine pg 1998. "...fires occurred within a few months of each other in 1945, the Hamburg mass fire occurred in 1943. These five fires potentially placed 5% as much smoke into the stratosphere as our hypothetical nuclear fires. The optical depth resulting from placing 5 Tg of soot into the global stratosphere is about 0.07, which would be easily observable even with techniques available in WWII." 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